The newly discovered protocluster of galaxies located in the Boötes field of the NOAO Deep Wide-field Survey. Green circles identify the confirmed cluster members. Density contours (white lines) emphasise the concentration of member galaxies toward the centre of the image. The patch of sky shown is roughly 20 arcminutes x 17 arcminutes in size. The cluster galaxies are typically very faint, about 10 million times fainter than the faintest stars visible to the naked eye on a dark night. The inset images highlight two example members that glow in the Lyman-alpha line of atomic hydrogen. The protocluster is massive, with its core weighing as much as a quadrillion Suns. The protocluster is likely to evolve, over 12 billion years, into a system much like the nearby Coma Cluster of galaxies, shown in the image below. Image credit: Dr. Rui Xue, Purdue University.Astronomers have uncovered evidence for a vast collection of young galaxies 12 billion light years away. The newly discovered “proto-cluster” of galaxies, observed when the universe was only 1.7 billion years old (12 percent of its present age), is one of the most massive structures known at that distance. The discovery, made using telescopes at Kitt Peak National Observatory in Arizona and the W. M. Keck Observatory on Mauna Kea, has been reported in the Astrophysical Journal.
“The proto-cluster will very likely grow into a massive cluster of galaxies like the Coma Cluster, which weighs more than a quadrillion Suns,” said Purdue University astrophysicist Dr. Kyoung-Soo Lee, who initially spotted the proto-cluster and is one of the authors in this study. Clusters this massive are extremely rare: only a handful of candidates are known at such early times. The new system is the first to be confirmed using extensive spectroscopy to establish cluster membership.The Coma Cluster is a large cluster of over 1,000 identified galaxies with a mean distance of 321 million light-years from Earth. Coma Cluster image from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. Image credit: Dustin Lang and SDSS Collaboration.The team, led by Dr. Lee (Purdue University) and Dr. Arjun Dey of the National Optical Astronomy Observatory, used the Mayall telescope on Kitt Peak to obtain very deep images of a small patch of sky, about the size of two full Moons, in the constellation of Boötes. The team then used the Keck II Telescope on Mauna Kea to measure distances to faint galaxies in this patch, which revealed the large grouping. “Many of the faint galaxies in this patch lie at the same distance,” say Dr. Dey. “They are clumped together due to gravity and the evidence suggests that the cluster is in the process of forming.”
Matter in the universe organises itself into large structures through the action of gravity. Most stars are in galaxies, which in turn collect in groups and clusters. Galaxy clusters are commonly observed in the present-day universe and contain some of the oldest and most massive galaxies known. The formation and early history of these clusters is not well understood. The discovery of young proto-clusters allows scientists to directly witness and study their formation. The prevalence of massive clusters in the young universe can help constrain the size and expansion history of the universe.
The team is now searching larger areas of sky to uncover more examples of such young and massive proto-clusters. “The discovery and confirmation of one distant and very massive proto-cluster is very exciting,” said Dr. Naveen Reddy, an astrophysicist at the University of California at Riverside and a coauthor of the study, “but it is important to find a large sample of these so we can understand the possibly varied formation history of the population as a whole.”
Galaxy clusters are often described by superlatives. After all, they are huge conglomerations of galaxies, hot gas, and dark matter, representing the largest structures in the universe held together by gravity. New observations of the galaxy cluster SPT-CLJ2344-4243 (or Phoenix Cluster) at X-ray, ultraviolet, and optical wavelengths are helping astronomers better understand this extraordinary system.
On the afternoon of 21 March, Comet 252P/LINEAR brushed by Earth just 14 lunar distances away. The comet’s separation from Earth now exceeds 20 million miles, but it’s still a suitable target for binoculars and small telescopes — if you know exactly where to look. Here’s our UK observing guide for 252P/LINEAR in the constellation Ophiuchus between midnight and moonrise over the coming week.
Contradicting the long-standing idea that large Jupiter-mass planets take a minimum of 10 million years to form, astronomers have just announced the discovery of a giant planet in close orbit around a 2 million-year-old star that still retains a disc of circumstellar gas and dust. CI Tau b is at least eight times larger than Jupiter and 450 light-years from Earth.
