One “tile” of the Murchison Wide-field Array telescope in Australia. In preparation for looking for the first generation of galaxies, the facility has published the first catalogue of extragalactic sources of contamination in one of the fields of view. Image credit: Murchison Wide-field Array.The epoch when the very first stars appeared is a key period of cosmic history. These stars began the manufacture of the chemical elements (those heavier than hydrogen and helium) and their light began the reionisation of the neutral cosmic gas. These stars thus mark the dawn of the universe as we know it today and the start of the so-called Epoch of Reionisation. The term “reionisation” refers to the process whereby these atoms are prompted (by the ultraviolet light from new stars) to shed some of their electrons. Astronomers estimate that this period occurred a few hundred million years or so after the Big Bang.
Schematic timeline of the universe, depicting reionisation’s place in cosmic history. Click the graphic for a larger-scale version. Illustration credit: Caltech/NASA.Neutral hydrogen atoms were the dominant element in the universe from the time they first arose, about 380,000 years after the big bang, until the Epoch of Reionisation. Astronomers are now constructing facilities like the radio telescope Murchison Wide-field Array (MWA) to search for light from the hydrogen atoms at the dawn of this Epoch, a daunting task not only because the sources are so distant and faint, but also because there are so many other galaxies from much later cosmic times lying in the way and contaminating our lines-of-sight, as well as more local sources of contamination.
CfA astronomers Lincoln Greenhill, Justin Kasper (now at Michigan), and Avi Loeb were members of a large team of scientists that used the MWA during its early commissioning phase of operations to develop a catalogue of foreground sources that could be likely sources of confusion. The MWA currently consists of 128 groupings (“tiles”) of sixteen antennae each arranged in four-by-four squares and sensitive to radiation around a metre in wavelength. The unusual telescope pattern meant that the team had to learn how to properly reduce and analyse the complex resulting data, and much of the effort in this research was devoted to these tasks.
The astronomers successfully identified 7,394 extragalactic sources which could be confused with earlier-epoch galaxies in their first field of the sky under study. Nearly all of these objects were associated with previously known galaxies, but twenty-five of them are previously unknown, and all of them have now been characterised. The results both demonstrate the practicality of the MWA performance and are a first step toward assembling a database for the precise subtraction of foreground radiation to uncover nascent galaxies in the early universe.
Astronomers have long turned their telescopes to the wide swaths of interstellar medium to get a look at the formation and birth of stars. A team of international researchers has just released the most comprehensive images anyone has ever seen of the Milky Way’s cold interstellar gas clouds where new stars and solar systems are being born.
Gamma ray bursts (GRBs) — flashes of high-energy light occurring about once a day, randomly, from around the sky — are the brightest events in the known universe. While a burst is underway, it is many millions of times brighter than an entire galaxy. Astronomers are anxious to decipher their nature as their tremendous brightness opens windows into the young universe.
Astronomers recently announced that the nearby star Proxima Centauri hosts an Earth-sized planet in its habitable zone. Proxima Centauri is a small, cool, red dwarf star only one-tenth as massive and one-thousandth as luminous as the Sun. However, new research shows that it is Sun-like in one surprising way: it has a regular cycle of starspots.
