Using data that an instrument aboard NASA’s New Horizons spacecraft gathered on its Pluto flyby in July 2015, scientists have for the first time observed the material coming off of Pluto and seen how it interacts with the solar wind, and found it completely new — and unexpected.
“This is a type of interaction we’ve never seen before anywhere in our solar system,” said David J. McComas, lead author of the study. McComas, professor in Princeton University’s Department of Astrophysical Sciences and university vice president for the Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, leads the Solar Wind Around Pluto (SWAP) instrument aboard New Horizons; he also led development of SWAP when he was at the Southwest Research Institute (SwRI) in Texas. McComas started as Princeton University’s Vice President for the Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory and Professor of Astrophysics Science in April after a long stint of leadership in space physics at the Southwest Research Institute. The New Horizons program is one of his ongoing astrophysics projects. The study just been published in the Journal of Geophysical Research – Space Physics by the American Geophysical Union (AGU). The research was funded as a part of the New Horizons project by NASA.
Space physicists say that they now have, for the first time, a treasure trove of information about how Pluto’s atmosphere interacts with the solar wind. Solar wind is the plasma, or charged particles, that spews off from the Sun into the solar system at a supersonic 1 million mph, bathing planets, asteroids, comets and interplanetary space in a soup of mostly electrons and protons.
“The results are astonishing. We were fascinated and surprised” by the findings, McComas said. Previously, most researchers thought that Pluto was characterised more like a comet, which has a large region of gentle slowing of the solar wind, as opposed to the abrupt diversion solar wind encounters at a planet like Mars or Venus. Instead, like a car that’s part petrol- and part battery-powered, Pluto is a hybrid, the researchers say.
“This is an intermediate interaction, a completely new type. It’s not comet-like, and it’s not planet-like. It’s in-between,” McComas said. “We’ve now visited all nine of the classical planets and examined all their solar wind interactions, and we’ve never seen anything like this.”
“These results speak to the power of exploration. Once again we’ve gone to a new kind of place and found ourselves discovering entirely new kinds of expressions in nature,” said Alan Stern, New Horizons principal investigator at the Southwest Research Institute. “Many people were surprised by Pluto’s complex geology and atmosphere. This paper shows there’s even more that’s surprising there, including its atmosphere-solar wind interaction.”
Pluto continues to confound. Since it’s so far from the Sun — an average of about 3.7 billion miles — and because it’s so small, scientists thought Pluto’s gravity would not be strong enough to hold heavy ions in its extended atmosphere. But, “Pluto’s gravity clearly is enough to keep material sufficiently confined,” McComas said.
Further, the scientists found that very little of Pluto’s atmosphere is comprised of neutral particles converted to electrically charged ions and swept out into space.
“This is backwards for many other planets, where the neutral particles stay relatively close to the planet,” said Michael Liemohn, a University of Michigan astrophysicist not involved with the research but who helped edit the paper for JGR Space Physics. “An ion particle becomes influenced by the electric and magnetic forces present in the solar system, which can be a very efficient acceleration processes. But at Pluto, McComas et al found that only a wisp of atmosphere leaves the planet as ions.”
Among their Pluto findings:
- Like Earth, Pluto has a long ion tail, that extends downwind at least a distance of about 100 Pluto radii (73,800 miles, almost three times the circumference of Earth), loaded with heavy ions from the atmosphere and with “considerable structure;”
- Pluto’s obstruction of the solar wind upwind of the planet is smaller than had been thought. The solar wind isn’t blocked until about the distance of a couple planetary radii (1,844 miles, about the distance between Chicago and Los Angeles);
- Pluto has a very thin “Plutopause” — or boundary of Pluto’s tail of heavy ions and the sheath of the shocked solar wind that presents an obstacle to its flow.
The scientists write: “Pluto interaction with the solar wind appears to be a hybrid with the bow shock generated by mass-loading like at a comet, but the obstacle to the solar wind flow — the Plutopause — sustained by atmospheric thermal pressure as at Venus and Mars.”
Heather Elliott, astrophysicist at Southwest Research Institute and co-author on the paper, said that the study provides interesting comparisons. “Comparing the solar wind-Pluto interaction to the solar wind-interaction for other planets and bodies is interesting because the physical conditions are different for each, and the dominant physical processes depend on those conditions,” Elliott said.
What is significant, McComas said, is the range of diversity that bodies in the solar system have with the solar wind. Further, the findings offer clues to the magnetised plasmas that one might find around other stars. “The range of interaction with the solar wind is quite diverse, and this gives some comparison to help us better understand the connections in and beyond our solar system,” McComas said.
The scientists conclude: “The SWAP data will…be reanalysed…for many years to come as the community collectively grapples with Pluto’s unique solar wind interaction — one that is unlike that at any other body in the solar system.”
