Observers in the British Isles looking due south close to 6pm GMT on Friday, 7 December will find magnitude +0.1 planet Mars about 30 degrees, or a span and a half of an outstretched hand at arm’s length, above the horizon. What you won’t see unless you have large binoculars or a small telescope is outermost planet Neptune one-tenth of a degree to the Red Planet’s lower right. Look out for Fomalhaut, the most southerly first-magnitude star visible from the UK, twinkling near the southern horizon. AN graphic by Ade Ashford.Since the beginning of the year, Mars has had conjunctions with Jupiter (7 January), Saturn (2 April) and Pluto (26 April), but its closest approach to a planetary sibling this year occurs on Friday, 7 December 2018 at 14:07 UT (2:07pm GMT) when the Red Planet passes just 2 arcminutes – one-thirtieth of a degree – north of Neptune in the constellation of Aquarius.
The instant of least separation between Mars and Neptune occurs in daylight for the British Isles, but observers here only have to wait a further four hours to see them in a dark sky. As astronomical twilight fades to dark around 6pm GMT in the heart of the UK, Mars and Neptune are also at their highest in the sky due south, about 30 degrees above the horizon.In this simulated 10×50 binocular view of Mars and Neptune at 6pm GMT on Friday, 7 December 2018, background field stars in Aquarius to magnitude +8 are shown. Labelled stars λ Aquarii, 78 Aquarii, 81 Aquarii, 82 Aquarii and 83 Aquarii are magnitudes +3.7, +6.2, +6.2, +6.2 and +5.4, respectively. AN graphic by Ade Ashford.By 6pm GMT on 7 December the separation of Mars and Neptune has increased to 6½ arcminutes, or about one-tenth of a degree. This means that you could theoretically use telescope magnifications up to about 400× and still see both planets in the same field of view! (In practice, seeing conditions at an altitude of 30 degrees rarely permits such powers; 150× would be more realistic.)
If you get the chance to see both Mars and Neptune in the same field of view on 7 December, do bear in mind that this conjunction is merely a line-of-sight effect. The magnitude +0.1 Red Planet lies almost 159 million kilometres away, hence its 86% illuminated gibbous disc measures just 8.8 arcseconds across. Neptune has a physical diameter 7¼ times that of Mars but lies slightly more than 28 times farther away this night, hence its pale blue magnitude +7.9 disc spans just 2.3 arcseconds.
This striking perspective view from ESA’s Mars Express shows an unnamed but eye-catching impact crater on Mars. This region sits south-west of a dark plain named Mare Serpentis (literally ‘the sea of serpents’), which in turn is located in Noachis Terra (literally ‘the land of Noah’).
Chariklo is the largest confirmed centaur, a minor planet orbiting the Sun between Saturn and Uranus. In 2014, two rings were discovered around Chariklo. Soon after, scientists discovered that rings likely exist around another centaur, Chiron, but the origin of these rings remained a mystery — until now.
Find a location that offers you an unobstructed view of the horizon from south to southwest an hour after sunset. With clear skies, you’ll be able to follow Venus and Mars from night to night on their celestial peregrinations through the constellations of Sagittarius and Capricornus. The two planets almost keep pace with each other throughout the remainder of November.
