This image from a computer simulation shows the gas density distribution of one instance in time of the model starburst galaxy, spanning approximately 650,000 light-years across. Extreme star formation in the central galaxy is fueled by significant gas inflows, rendering it extremely bright. Image credit: Desika Narayanan.The brightest galaxies in the universe, known as submillimetre galaxies (SMGs), aren’t visible to the naked eye. But look through an infrared telescope, and they light up the sky. These galaxies are old, dating back probably 12 or 13 billion years, and what makes them so luminous is that they form stars very quickly. (In our Milky Way galaxy, for example, one or two stars per year are formed on average; these SMGs form about 1000.) The origins of these types of galaxies have, since their discovery in the 1990s, been uncertain, but a new paper in Nature by researchers led by Haverford Assistant Professor of Astronomy Desika Narayanan offers the first viable model.
The extreme properties of SMGs have presented a challenge to existing models of galaxy formation. Two general theories have been proposed: one suggesting that collisions between two galaxies may have driven a short-lived but spectacular burst of star formation; the other arguing that SMGs are long-lived objects that slowly accrete mass. However, neither scenario has been able to fully reproduce the observed physical properties of SMGs.
Assistant Professor of Astronomy Desika Narayanan, Haverford College. Image credit: Patrick Montero.“People have hacked together different kinds of models, but they always violated some observed constraint,” says Narayanan. “What we’ve done is develop the first model where we’ve been able to match the range of physical constraints that we know exist. So that is a pretty exciting result.”
The simulation that Narayanan and his colleagues have created indicate that SMGs are not transient events but natural, long-lasting phases in the evolution of massive galaxies, sustaining star formation rates of 500 to 1,000 solar masses per year for a billion years. Additionally, this new paper posits that these fertile star-formation rates aren’t caused by galaxies banging together, as once thought.
“The basic idea is that what we thought were clear-cut cases for major galaxy mergers are actually probably collections of very gas-rich galaxies that collectively are forming tons of stars and are very bright,” says Narayanan.This image shows the distribution of galaxies across the infrared luminous region, at a given instance in time. The colours denote the gas density. The model suggests that extreme infrared-luminous regions observed by submillimetre-wave telescopes are often comprised of groups of galaxies in the early universe (just a few billion years after the Big Bang) that will grow to be massive clusters of galaxies at the present day. Image credit: Robert Thompson (NCSA).This Nature paper is the result of roughly 18 months of work by Narayanan and his team. Now that they have solidified a method for their simulations, their next step is to model many additional galaxies for a statistically significant sample. Additionally, they hope to use these findings to begin to uncover how these galaxies relate to other different galaxy populations of the early universe.
“A lot of this work wouldn’t have been feasible without the cluster computing we have at the Koshland Integrated Natural Sciences Center (KINSC), and without the support of Joe Cammisa, who manages the cluster,” says Narayanan, who began the work when he joined Haverford’s faculty last January. “He really was integral in getting the cluster set up and the software together.”
An international team of researchers using the Atacama Large Millimetre/submillimetre Array (ALMA) and other telescopes has discovered the power source illuminating a so-called Lyman-alpha Blob — a rare, brightly glowing, and enormous concentration of gas in the distant universe.
Submillimetre galaxies (SMGs) are the brightest galaxies in the universe, yet invisible to the naked eye. But look through an infrared telescope, and they light up the sky. They are probably 12 or 13 billion years old, and what makes them so luminous is that they form stars very quickly — 1000 times faster than our Milky Way.
The Large Millimetre Telescope (LMT) is the world’s largest single-dish, steerable, millimetre-wavelength telescope designed specifically for astronomical observations. Astronomers have used the newly-operational LMT, situated on the summit of Volcán Sierra Negra in Mexico at an altitude of 4,600 metres, in a set of early science spectroscopic studies of submillimetre galaxies.
