Find the Andromeda Galaxy in the late summer sky

Now that the British Isles are no longer experiencing twilight all night, keen observers are already making the most of dark skies at a sociable hour. Some of you may think it too soon to be thinking of autumn, but the Autumnal Equinox (22 September) is fast approaching.

One of best deep-sky objects of autumn is the Andromeda Galaxy, or Messier 31, that is now accessible low in the east-northeast by 10pm local time in the UK and Western Europe. By the end of September, when the Moon is again near new and the lunar glow has left the night, M31 can be observed at the same position by 8pm.

Some 2.5 million light-years away, M31 is often quoted as being the most distant object that we can see with the unaided eye on moonless nights from locations free of light pollution. Around 220,000 light-years in diameter, M31 is a spiral galaxy about 1.5 times larger than our Milky Way, making it the largest member of the Local Group. It could contain a trillion (10¹²) stars.

At its stated distance the Andromeda Galaxy has an angular size of about 5 degrees — the same as the apparent field of view of a typical 10×50 binocular. For this reason, when it comes to making observations of M31, very low magnification instruments under very dark skies will often deliver the most memorable views.

Star-hopping to the Andromeda Galaxy
If you wish to see M31 from the UK over the next few nights about 10 pm BST then you will need a clear eastern horizon away from the glare of streetlights. A rural site is always best, particularly where no towns lie to the east. The Moon is currently a very young waxing crescent and will not become obtrusive in UK skies until around 8 September. A pair of 7×50, 8×40 or 10×50 binoculars will be a great help, if you own or can borrow a pair.

From the graphic above, get your celestial bearings by first locating the prominent W-shaped asterism of the constellation Cassiopeia that currently lies half way from the northeast horizon to overhead at 10 pm. For scale, the ‘W’ pattern is about a span-and-a-half of a fist at arm’s length.

Next, divert your gaze to the east, where the so-called ‘Square of Pegasus‘ (though ‘Diamond of Pegasus’ may be more appropriate for its orientation at this time) lies a third of the way from the horizon to overhead. The diagonals of the square are about the span of an outstretched hand at arm’s length.

The left-hand star of the square — magnitude +2 star Alpheratz — is the starting point of our star hop to M31. In a 10×50 binocular, you need to move three fields of view to the left, passing magnitude +3.2 star delta (δ) Andromedae, until you reach magnitude +2 star Mirach.

Once you are confident that Mirach is in your sights, you need to move ‘up’ about one-and-a-half binocular fields to find the diffuse oval glow that is our destination. Fortunately, there is a convenient line of guide stars — magnitude +3.8 mu (μ) Andromedae and magnitude +4.5 nu (ν) Andromedae — to direct us to M31.

The Andromeda Galaxy is in the same binocular field as nu Andromedae (this blue star is also shown in the astrophotograph at the top of the page). Observers with aligned computerised GoTo mounts can take the fast-track route to M31 by selecting it from the Messier object menu, or by using these J2000.0 coordinates: α = 00^h 42.7^m, δ = +41° 16′

While in the area, telescope users may care to look at the beautiful contrasting colours of double star Almach, otherwise known as gamma (γ) Andromedae: α = 02^h 03.9^m, δ = +42° 20′ (J2000.0).

Once you have the satisfaction of locating the Andromeda Galaxy — and try to grasp that the soft glow in your binocular results from the combined light of a trillion stars — it is sobering to contemplate that M31’s light we perceive now set out on the long journey to Earth at the dawn of humankind.

Reflect, too, on the discovery that the Andromeda Galaxy is approaching our Milky Way at about 68 miles (110 kilometres) per second and the two will collide and merge to form a giant elliptical galaxy, or perhaps even a large disc galaxy. Don’t lose any sleep over it though — it is not going to happen for a further four billion years!

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Inside the magazine

For a comprehensive guide to observing all that is happening in the September sky tailored to Western Europe, North America and Australasia, obtain a copy of the September 2016 edition of Astronomy Now.

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