White dwarf “Death Star” seen destroying a planet

The Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics Press Release

In this artist’s impression, a tiny rocky object vaporises as it orbits a white dwarf star. Astronomers have detected the first planetary object transiting a white dwarf known as WD 1145+017 using data from the K2 mission. Slowly the object will disintegrate, leaving a dusting of metals on the surface of the star. Image credits: CfA/Mark A. Garlick.
In this artist’s impression, a tiny rocky object vaporises as it orbits a white dwarf star. Astronomers have detected the first planetary object transiting a white dwarf known as WD 1145+017 using data from the K2 mission. Slowly the object will disintegrate, leaving a dusting of metals on the surface of the star. Image credits: CfA/Mark A. Garlick.
“This is something no human has seen before,” says lead author Andrew Vanderburg of the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics (CfA). “We’re watching a solar system get destroyed.”

The evidence for this unique system came from NASA’s Kepler K2 mission, which monitors stars for a dip in brightness that occurs when an orbiting body crosses the star known as WD 1145+017. The data revealed a regular dip every 4.5 hours, which places the object in an orbit about 520,000 miles from the white dwarf (about twice the distance from the Earth to the Moon). It is the first planetary object to be seen transiting a white dwarf.

Vanderburg and his colleagues made additional observations using a number of ground-based facilities: the 1.2-metre and MINERVA telescopes at Whipple Observatory, the MMT, MEarth-South, and Keck.

Combining all the data, they found signs of several additional chunks of material, all in orbits between 4.5 and 5 hours. The main transit was particularly prominent, dimming the star by 40 percent. The transit signal also showed a comet-like pattern. Both features suggest the presence of an extended cloud of dust surrounding the fragment. The total amount of material is estimated to be about the mass of Ceres, a Texas-sized object that is the largest main-belt asteroid in our solar system.

The diagram depicts a model of light curve shapes. The red line indicates the symmetric shape of a typical planet transit while the blue line is the asymmetric shape of a disintegrating planet. The black dots are measurements recorded by the K2 mission of WD 1145+017. Image credits: CfA/A. Vanderburg.
The diagram depicts a model of light curve shapes. The red line indicates the symmetric shape of a typical planet transit while the blue line is the asymmetric shape of a disintegrating planet. The black dots are measurements recorded by the K2 mission of WD 1145+017. Image credits: CfA/A. Vanderburg.
The white dwarf star is located about 570 light-years from Earth in the constellation Virgo. When a Sun-like star reaches the end of its life, it swells into a red giant and sloughs off its outer layers. The hot, Earth-sized core that remains is a white dwarf star, and generally consists of carbon and oxygen with a thin hydrogen or helium shell.

Sometimes, though, astronomers find a white dwarf that shows signs of heavier elements like silicon and iron in its light spectrum. This is a mystery because a white dwarf’s strong gravity should quickly submerge these metals.

“It’s like panning for gold — the heavy stuff sinks to the bottom. These metals should sink into the white dwarf’s interior where we can’t see them,” explains Harvard co-author John Johnson (CfA).

Theorists speculated that white dwarfs showing evidence of heavy metals became “polluted” when they consumed rocky planets or asteroids. However, the evidence was often circumstantial. A fraction of polluted white dwarfs showed signs of surrounding debris discs, but the origin of the discs was uncertain. This system shows all three: a polluted white dwarf, a surrounding debris disc, and at least one compact, rocky object.

“We now have a ‘smoking gun’ linking white dwarf pollution to the destruction of rocky planets,” says Vanderburg.

Questions remain about the origin of these rocky objects. The most likely scenario is that an existing planet’s orbit became unstable and it was kicked inward.

What is certain is that the remaining objects will not last forever. They are being vaporised by the intense heat of the white dwarf. They also are orbiting very close to the tidal radius, or distance at which gravitational tides from the white dwarf can rip apart a rocky body. Within the next million years or so, all that will remain of these asteroidal bits is a thin metal dusting on top of an innocent-looking white dwarf star.