NASA’s Solar Dynamics Observatory captured this image of Earth and the Moon transiting the Sun together on 13 September 2015. The edge of Earth, visible near the top of the frame, appears fuzzy because Earth’s atmosphere blocks different amounts of light at different altitudes. On the left, the Moon’s edge is perfectly crisp, because it has no atmosphere. This image was taken in extreme ultraviolet wavelengths of 171 angstroms. Though this light is invisible to our eyes, it is typically colourised in gold. Image credits: NASA/SDO.On 13 September 2015, as NASA’s Solar Dynamics Observatory, or SDO, kept up its constant watch on the Sun, its view was photobombed not once, but twice. Just as the Moon came into SDO’s field of view on a path to cross the Sun, Earth entered the picture, blocking SDO’s view completely. When SDO’s view of the Sun emerged from Earth’s shadow, the Moon was just completing its journey across the Sun’s face.This animation shows the relative movement of Earth and the Moon as they both crossed SDO’s field of view on 13 September 2015. Just as the Moon came into SDO’s field of view on a path to cross the Sun, Earth entered the picture, blocking SDO’s view completely. When SDO’s orbit finally emerged from behind Earth, the Moon was just completing its journey across the Sun’s face. Image credits: NASA/SDO.Though SDO sees dozens of Earth eclipses and several lunar transits each year, this is the first time ever that the two have coincided. This alignment of the Sun, Moon and Earth also resulted in a partial solar eclipse on 13 September, visible only from parts of Africa and Antarctica.
SDO’s orbit usually gives us unobstructed views of the Sun, but Earth’s revolution around the Sun means that SDO’s orbit passes behind Earth twice each year, for two to three weeks at a time. During these phases, Earth blocks SDO’s view of the Sun for anywhere from a few minutes to over an hour once each day.
You may notice that Earth’s outline looks fuzzy, while the Moon’s is crystal-clear. This is because — while the planet itself completely blocks the Sun’s light — Earth’s atmosphere is an incomplete barrier, blocking different amounts of light at different altitudes. On the other hand, the Moon has no atmosphere, so during the transit we can clearly see the crisp edges of the Moon’s horizon.
As dawn creeps across Western Europe on the morning of Thursday, 10 September, a close conjunction of the two brightest objects in the nighttime sky is taking place low in the east an hour before sunrise. So, set your alarm for 5:30am in the UK to see a beautiful juxtaposition of a 26-day-old waning crescent Moon and dazzling planet Venus in the twilight.
The Sunspot Number, the longest scientific experiment still ongoing, is a crucial tool used to study the solar dynamo, space weather and climate change. It has now been recalibrated and shows a consistent history of solar activity over the past few centuries. The new record has no significant long-term upward trend in solar activity since 1700, suggesting that rising global temperatures since the industrial revolution cannot be attributed to increased solar activity.
Observers in the British Isles and western Europe with a clear sky low to the east around 10pm local time on Wednesday, 27 January can see the rising 18-day-old waning gibbous Moon in a close conjunction with Jupiter, the solar system’s largest planet. Jupiter draws steadily closer to Earth and grows in apparent size over the coming weeks.
