Between 4 and 6 September, NASA’s Solar Dynamics Observatory spacecraft captured extreme ultraviolet images of a large, well-developed “hole” in the Sun’s corona followed by the formation of another, larger hole nearby. Coronal holes are dark, cooler regions of the Sun’s outer atmosphere associated with open magnetic field lines where electrically charged particles making up the solar wind readily stream out into space. Brighter areas in this view are regions where magnetic activity is strong.
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Among the most feared events in space physics are solar eruptions — massive explosions that hurl millions of tons of plasma, gas and radiation into space. These outbursts can be deadly to astronauts and when these eruptions reach the magnetic field that surrounds the Earth, the contact can create geomagnetic storms that disrupt cell ‘phone service, damage satellites and knock out power grids.