This animation shows images of Milan taken in 2012 (André Kuipers) and 2015 (Samantha Cristoforetti). In 2012, the varied streetlight colours visible indicate the use of different lighting technologies. The illumination level of Milan centre is similar to its suburbs. The 2015 image was acquired after the transition to LED technology in the centre of Milan where illumination levels appear to be similar or even brighter than the suburbs. The amount of blue light is now much higher, which suggests a greater impact on the ability to see the stars, human health and the environment. Image credit: NASA/ESA. AN animation by Ade Ashford.In a remarkable new study, scientists from the Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain and the Cégep de Sherbrooke in Canada, together with members of the public, have worked on a project called Cities at Night. The aim is to produce a global colour map of the Earth at night from pictures taken by astronauts on the International Space Station (ISS) using a standard digital camera.
Starting in July 2014, this huge project required the cataloging of over 130,000 images — the ISS’s entire high-resolution archive — and geo-referencing them to place them on a map. The images were also calibrated using the stars in the background sky over the ISS, as well as ground-based measurements of the night sky brightness.
Previously, light pollution measurements had to be done in situ and would contribute only a single measurement to the light pollution map. This new method, connecting space-based measurements of light pollution with ground-based night sky brightness measurements, makes it possible, for the first time, to map light pollution reliably over extended areas.An example of the differences between countries seen from the ISS. Belgium uses mainly orange lighting (low pressure sodium lamps) and illuminates all its highways, The Netherlands illuminates only a few highways. Germany does not light its highways and has much lower illumination levels. Google outreach contributed to the project. Image credit: Cities at Night project/NASA/ESA.A diffuse light present around cities, in addition to the familiar bright lights from streets and factories, was previously detected by the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program, but its nature remained unknown; the satellite’s low-resolution cameras could not distinguish it from other instrumental factors. However, the high-resolution images captured by the astronauts — in addition to an extensive sky brightness survey conducted around Madrid — have now allowed scientists to observe the direct relationship between the diffuse light observed and light pollution from artificial lights.
Using the ISS astronaut images, as well as data from the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program and the Suomi National Polar-orbiting Partnership Satellite, the researchers also discovered that European countries and cities that have a higher public debt also have a higher energy consumption of street lighting per inhabitant. The total cost of the energy consumption for streetlights is estimated by the study to be 6300 million euros/year in the European Union. The different ways of calculating streetlight energy costs across Europe previously made such an estimate impossible.
This citizen science project is vital for researchers from many scientific fields. Studying lighting technology from orbit is currently of even greater importance now than before due to massive transitions to LED technology.
LED streetlights have been installed or announced for installation in several large cities as well as smaller cities throughout the world. LED street lights actually make light pollution — such as sky glow — significantly worse, as they emit more blue and green light than the high-pressure sodium lights that they typically replace.This image shows the potential of using ISS images to detect lighting installations that are not allowed near observatories. On the island of La Palma, the use of white light is forbidden by observatory protection laws. One candidate violation can be spotted in this picture and is marked with a blue circle. Image credit: NASA/ESA/A. Sánchez de Miguel.The ISS is the only place from which it is possible to estimate the prevalence of the different types of lighting technologies used in cities around the world and to measure the impact of light pollution on the environment and human health.
“Until the advent of new satellites, astronaut photography was our only colour and high-resolution window on the Earth,” says lead scientist Alejandro Sánchez de Miguel.
After gaining the initial support of multiple institutions and thousands of volunteers, the next phase of the Cities at Night project aims to gather funding to keep the project running, so it can extend its colour map of the night side of the Earth.
Dark matter, the mysterious substance that constitutes most of the material universe, remains as elusive as ever. Although experiments on the ground and in space have yet to find a trace of dark matter, six or more years of data from NASA’s Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope has broadened the mission’s dark matter hunt using some novel approaches.
An instrument aboard the International Space Station has detected a binary star system made up of a fast-spinning pulsar and a compact white dwarf that orbit each other every 38 minutes, a record for an accreting millisecond X-ray pulsar.
In recent nights, observers in the UK and Western Europe have seen the International Space Station (ISS) as a bright naked-eye ‘star’ moving slowly across the sky from west to east. On Thursday, 9 June, London is favoured for some close approaches of the ISS to the Moon, Jupiter and Saturn. If you see the Station, spare a thought for Tim Peake and the Expedition 47 crew on board!
