Mapping the cosmic web with fast radio bursts

California Institute of Technology

Artist's impression of a Fast Radio Burst (FRB) reaching Earth. The colours represent the burst arriving at different radio wavelengths, with long wavelengths (red) arriving several seconds after short wavelengths (blue). This delay is called dispersion and occurs when radio waves travel through intergalactic material. By observing these bursts, astronomers can learn details about the regions of the universe through which the bursts travelled on their way to Earth. Illustration credit: Jingchuan Yu, Beijing Planetarium.
Artist’s impression of a Fast Radio Burst (FRB) reaching Earth. The colours represent the burst arriving at different radio wavelengths, with long wavelengths (red) arriving several seconds after short wavelengths (blue). This delay is called dispersion and occurs when radio waves travel through intergalactic material. By observing these bursts, astronomers can learn details about the regions of the universe through which the bursts travelled on their way to Earth. Illustration credit: Jingchuan Yu, Beijing Planetarium.
Though astronomers still do not know what kinds of events or objects produce fast radio bursts, or FRBs, the discovery is a stepping stone for astronomers to understand the diffuse, faint web of material that exists between galaxies, called the cosmic web. The findings are described in a paper just published in Science.

“Because FRBs like the one we discovered occur billions of light-years away, they help us study the universe between us and them,” says Caltech postdoctoral scholar Vikram Ravi, who is the R A and G B Millikan Postdoctoral Scholar in Astronomy. “Nearly half of all visible matter is thought to be thinly spread throughout intergalactic space. Although this matter is not normally visible to telescopes, it can be studied using FRBs.”

The intensity of FRB 150807 at different radio frequencies or colours — red corresponds to lower frequencies and blue to higher frequencies. The x-axis is time. The fine structure in the burst is the scintillation or twinkling — the rays interfere constructively and destructively differently at different frequencies. This pattern provides insights into the turbulence in plasma towards the burst. Image credit: Courtesy of V. Ravi/Caltech.
The intensity of FRB 150807 at different radio frequencies or colours — red corresponds to lower frequencies and blue to higher frequencies. The x-axis is time. The fine structure in the burst is the scintillation or twinkling — the rays interfere constructively and destructively differently at different frequencies. This pattern provides insights into the turbulence in plasma towards the burst. Image credit: Courtesy of V. Ravi/Caltech.
When FRBs travel through space, they pass through intergalactic material and are distorted, similar to the apparent twinkling of a star because its light is distorted by Earth’s atmosphere. By observing these bursts, astronomers can learn details about the regions of the universe through which the bursts travelled on their way to Earth.

The most luminous FRB to date, called FRB 150807, appears to only be weakly distorted by material within its host galaxy, which shows that the intergalactic medium in this direction is no more turbulent than theorists originally predicted. This is the first direct insight into turbulence in intergalactic medium.

The researchers observed FRB 150807 while monitoring a nearby pulsar — a rotating neutron star that emits a beam of radio waves and other electromagnetic radiation — in our galaxy using the Parkes Radio Telescope in Australia. “Thanks to a real-time detection system developed by the Swinburne University of Technology, we found that although the FRB is a million times further away than the pulsar, the magnetic fields in their directions appear identical,” says Ryan Shannon, research fellow at Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Astronomy and Space Science and at Curtin University in Australia, and colead author of the study. This refutes some claims that FRBs are produced in dense environments with strong magnetic fields. The result provides a measure of the magnetism in the space between galaxies, an essential step in determining how cosmic magnetic fields are produced.

Only 18 FRBs have been detected to date. Mysteriously, most give off only a single burst and do not flash repeatedly. Additionally, most FRBs have been detected with telescopes that observe large swaths of the sky but with poor resolution, making it difficult to pinpoint the exact location of a given burst. The unprecedented brightness of FRB 150807 allowed Ravi and his team to localise it much more accurately, making it the best-localised FRB to date.

In February 2017, pinpointing the locations of FRBs will become much easier for astronomers with the commissioning of the Deep Synoptic Array prototype, an array of 10 radio dishes at Caltech’s Owens Valley Radio Observatory in California.

“We estimate that there are between 2,000 and 10,000 FRBs occurring in the sky every day,” Ravi says. “One in 10 of these are as bright as FRB 150807, and the Deep Synoptic Array prototype will be able to pinpoint their locations to individual galaxies. Measuring the distances to these galaxies enables us to use FRBs to weigh the tenuous intergalactic material.”