Three of the four objects discovered by these researchers are quite small, somewhere between only 13 and 18 times the mass of Jupiter. The fourth has about 120 times Jupiter’s mass. (For comparison, the Sun is just over 1,000 times more massive than Jupiter.)
“Finding discs in low-mass systems is really interesting to us, because objects that exist at the lower limit of what defines a star and that still have discs that indicate planet formation can tell us a lot about both stellar and planetary evolution,” said first author Boucher, who works at her university’s Institute for Research on Exoplanets (iREx).
In a planet-forming disc, the dust grains collide and aggregate to form pebbles, which grow into boulders, and so on, increasing in size through planetesimals, planetary embryos, and finally rocky terrestrial planets (some of which then become the cores for gas giant planets). Astronomers are able to identify these types of planet-birthing discs because the star heats up the surrounding dust, which affects the way it looks using a telescope with an infrared camera.
However, some discs indicate that planet formation isn’t ongoing, but has already finished. These discs are made up of the debris left behind by all the collisions during planet formation and by subsequent collisions of the newly formed planets. Eventually, these dusty remains are swept away. But until that happens, a cooler, thinner ring of dust surrounds the star.
Some discs even represent an intermediate stage between the planet-forming and dusty remnant phases.
It’s important for astronomers to try to distinguish between these different types of discs, because then they can better chart the way planetary systems, including our own solar system, are born and change over time.
The research team was able to determine that the discs surrounding their four newly discovered low-mass objects were all likely in a phase of planet forming. None were in the dusty aftermath phase.
Even more interesting, two of the objects are possibly between 42 and 45 million years old. This would make them the oldest objects surrounded by active disc systems ever found.
“There is still so much to learn about discs around low-mass objects such as these four,” concluded Gagné, who is also a iREx collaborator. “Hopefully, we can conduct further research on them and be able to narrow down what kind of activity is happening in them and whether or not they would be good targets for future planet hunters.”
